Kinetic Theory
A gas has no shape of its own, yet its pressure and temperature obey exact laws. Chapter 12, Kinetic Theory, of the NCERT Physics textbook for Class 11 explains them from molecular motion. You will derive pressure from elastic collisions of molecules, link temperature with average kinetic energy, and study the law of equipartition of energy with degrees of freedom. Specific heat capacities of gases and the concept of mean free path are discussed, joining microscopic collisions with the thermometers and gauges of the laboratory.
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