Working of Institutions
This chapter of the NCERT Class 9 Democratic Politics I textbook, Chapter 4, explains how major government decisions are taken and implemented. Using the government office memorandum on reservations as an example, it traces the roles of Parliament in making laws, the President and the Council of Ministers led by the Prime Minister in executing them, and the courts in interpreting them. It shows why institutions need clear rules, how the executive is answerable to the legislature, and how the judiciary safeguards rights.
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