Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution
Workers and peasants asked why wealth and power stayed with a few. Chapter 2 of the NCERT Class 9 History textbook, India and the Contemporary World Part One, traces liberals, radicals and socialists, Marx's critique of capitalism, the 1905 and February and October revolutions of 1917, Lenin's soviets, and the civil war that built the Soviet Union. Collectivisation, five-year plans and Stalin's repression close the story, with global echoes that reached India's own freedom movement.
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