Poverty as a Challenge
Poverty means hunger, shelterlessness and want of schooling and care. Chapter 3 of the NCERT Class 9 Economics textbook measures who is poor through poverty lines, calories, and surveys, profiles poor groups among landless labourers, casual workers, scheduled castes and tribes, and compares states and global trends. It examines causes from colonialism and joblessness to debt and exclusion, and reviews anti-poverty programmes from employment schemes to targeted food and social security.
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