Pastoralists in the Modern World
Herders who move with seasons found their routes blocked by modern states. Chapter 5 of the NCERT Class 9 History textbook, India and the Contemporary World Part One, follows the Gujjar Bakarwals, Gaddis, Raikas, Dhangars and Banjaras under colonial grazing taxes, forest laws and wasteland rules, alongside the Maasai of Africa divided by boundaries and reserves. It shows how Partition, permits and falling pastures forced change, yet pastoral skill, markets and adaptation keep nomadic life alive.
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