Constitutional Design
After apartheid fell, South Africa showed how a constitution is written through negotiation and shared values. Chapter 2 of the NCERT Class 9 Civics textbook, Democratic Politics Part One, uses that story to explain India's own Constituent Assembly, its debates, and the Preamble's philosophy of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity. It outlines the Constitution's main features, institutional design of legislature, executive and judiciary, and amendment procedures, showing why the document commands lasting legitimacy.
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