Climate

India's climate is the tropical monsoon type, shaped by the Himalayas, the Indian Ocean and shifting winds. Chapter 4 of the NCERT Class 9 Geography textbook, Contemporary India Part One, explains the seasons of winter, summer and advancing and retreating monsoons, the arrival of the southwest monsoon, its branches and breaks, and rainfall distribution from the Western Ghats to the desert west. It links temperature, pressure and jet streams to daily life, farming calendars and water planning.

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