Water (Oceans)
NCERT Fundamentals of Physical Geography, Class 11, Chapter 13 surveys the oceans that cover nearly seventy one percent of Earth. It profiles the relief of the ocean floor from continental shelves and slopes to deep sea plains, mid ocean ridges, and trenches such as the Mariana. It explains how temperature falls with depth and varies with latitude, and how salinity shifts with evaporation, rainfall, ice melt, and river inflow. Maps of the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic oceans show why oceans store heat and shape climate and life.
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