Distribution of Oceans and Continents

NCERT Fundamentals of Physical Geography, Class 11, Chapter 4 asks why continents fit like puzzle pieces across the oceans. It presents Wegener continental drift, with one ancient Pangaea splitting into drifting landmasses, and weighs fossil and rock evidence for and against the idea. The chapter then introduces plate tectonics, where rigid plates creep over soft mantle, building mountains, opening seas, and shaking quakes at their edges. Maps of plates and boundaries help readers see Earth as a slow moving, restless surface.

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