Animal Kingdom
From sponges to mammals, animals show a striking pattern of increasing complexity. This chapter in NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 4, organises the animal kingdom using body symmetry, germ layers, coelom, segmentation and notochord as the basis of classification. It surveys major phyla from Porifera and Cnidaria through Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda and Mollusca to Echinodermata, Hemichordata and Chordata. You will learn diagnostic characters, examples and how chordates, vertebrates and mammals fit within this broad scheme.
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