The Three Orders
NCERT Themes in World History, Class 11, Chapter 4 pictures Western Europe between the ninth and sixteenth centuries as a world of clergy, nobility, and peasantry. It explains manors where serfs tilled lord fields, knights served for fiefs, and the Church guided prayer, schools, and records. It follows new ploughs, towns, guilds, and trade fairs that enriched merchants and kings. It ends with plague, peasant revolts, and stronger monarchies loosening feudal bonds.
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