An Empire Across Three Continents
NCERT Themes in World History, Class 11, Chapter 2 reconstructs the Roman Empire that ringed the Mediterranean from Spain to Syria. It follows Augustus and the Principate, the Senate, army camps, and walled cities such as Pompeii with baths, theatres, and markets. It explains grain and olive oil trade, coinage and taxes, slavery on estates and in houses, and the spread of Christianity. It ends with Diocletian reforms, Constantine new capital, and debates on decline and late antiquity.
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