Secondary Activities
NCERT Fundamentals of Human Geography, Class 12, Chapter 5 explains secondary activities that turn raw materials into goods. It distinguishes cottage, small scale, and large scale manufacturing and outlines Weber ideas of least cost location near materials, power, labour, and markets. It follows iron and steel, cotton textiles, and chemical plants from inputs to finished products and maps major industrial regions of the world. It notes pollution, automation, and the shift of factories toward skilled workers and clean energy.
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