Primary Activities
NCERT Fundamentals of Human Geography, Class 12, Chapter 4 describes primary activities that use nature directly. It begins with hunting, gathering, and pastoral nomadism in deserts and tundra, then moves to commercial livestock rearing on grasslands. It compares shifting, subsistence intensive, and extensive grain farming with plantation crops such as tea, coffee, rubber, and sugarcane, plus dairy, truck, and Mediterranean farming. It closes with mining methods and the pull of market demand on every rural choice.
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