International Trade
NCERT Fundamentals of Human Geography, Class 12, Chapter 8 explains why nations trade when resources, skills, and demand differ across regions. It defines balance of trade, bilateral and multilateral flows, and entrepot ports, and traces goods from primary products to manufactured items and services. It outlines the World Trade Organization, regional blocs such as the European Union and ASEAN, and major gateways and sea routes. It shows how distance, freight, and policy shape the volume and direction of world trade.
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