Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems
NCERT India People and Economy, Class 12, Chapter 9 examines major environmental and social problems facing the country. It traces air, water, land, and noise pollution to industries, vehicles, mining, and growing cities, and explains how untreated sewage and solid waste harm rivers and health. It discusses land degradation from deforestation and overuse, the pressure of slums and unplanned urban growth, and local watershed care. It urges cleaner technology, waste treatment, and public action.
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