The Colonial Era in India
From trading posts to an empire, British rule transformed India over two centuries. This chapter of the NCERT Class 8 Social Science textbook follows the East India Company's rise after Plassey and Buxar, the 1857 revolt, Crown rule, and the economic changes of land settlements, railways, plantations and deindustrialisation. It describes social reform movements, the growth of English education and the press, and the rise of nationalism, ending with the freedom struggle that won independence in 1947 and its deep legacies.
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