Executive
NCERT Class 11 Political Science, Indian Constitution at Work, Chapter 4 distinguishes the constitutional head from the real executive in a parliamentary system, comparing the President's formal powers with the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers who wield them. It explains appointment, tenure and collective responsibility, the Governor's parallel role in states, and the permanent executive of civil servants recruited through merit. The chapter closes with how political and permanent executives check and support each other.
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