Bricks, Beads and Bones

NCERT Themes in Indian History, Part I, Class 12, Chapter 1 pieces together the Harappan civilisation of the third millennium BCE. It maps planned streets, drains, wells, and granaries at Mohenjo daro, Harappa, Dholavira, and Lothal, and studies seals, weights, beads, and copper tools. It traces shell, lapis, and grain trade reaching Mesopotamia and explains script puzzles and burial finds. It weighs climate shifts, river change, and other theories for urban decline and shows how archaeologists read every layer.

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