Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence
From NCERT Indian Economic Development, this topic describes the Indian economy on the eve of independence. You survey stagnant agriculture under zamindari and poor investment, the ruin of handicrafts and slow industrial growth, and an occupational structure frozen in farming. The lesson examines low productivity and incomes, weak infrastructure in railways, power, and communication, limited literacy and health, and heavy dependence on imports. It closes by showing the colonial patterns of poverty and underdevelopment that free India's planners inherited in 1947.
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