Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Children resemble parents yet remain distinct. This chapter in NCERT Class 12 Biology, Chapter 4, explains Mendel laws of dominance, segregation and independent assortment with monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, linkage, crossing over, sex determination and pedigree analysis. It also covers chromosomal disorders like Down and Turner syndromes. You will learn to solve crosses, read pedigrees, and see how genes and chromosomes together shape variation.
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