Microbes in Human Welfare
Tiny microbes shape bread, curd, medicine and clean rivers. This chapter in NCERT Class 12 Biology, Chapter 8, shows how fermentation, antibiotics, vaccines, sewage treatment, biogas, biofertilisers and pest control use bacteria and fungi. It explains production of penicillin, statins and enzymes, and why careful strain selection and sterile conditions matter. You will learn to distinguish helpful from harmful microbes and see how industry, farming and sanitation depend on managing these small but powerful organisms.
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