Ecosystem
A pond, a forest and a field all run on the same ecological rules. This chapter in NCERT Class 12 Biology, Chapter 12, describes ecosystem structure, productivity, decomposition, energy flow, food chains and webs, pyramids, nutrient cycling and succession. It explains how sunlight, water and decomposers connect producers, consumers and microbes in balance. You will learn to draw pyramids of number and biomass, follow carbon and phosphorus cycles, and see why wetlands, forests and grasslands each need protection.
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