Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Cutting and joining DNA lets scientists move genes across species. This chapter in NCERT Class 12 Biology, Chapter 9, explains restriction enzymes, vectors, competent host cells, and the steps of recombinant DNA work from isolation to amplification by PCR, insertion, selection and culture. It covers gel electrophoresis, bioreactors and downstream processing that scale a laboratory result to production. You will learn why sterile technique matters and how each tool contributes to safe and precise genetic manipulation.
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