Biotechnology and its Applications
Laboratory tools now make medicines, crops and tests for everyday use. This chapter in NCERT Class 12 Biology, Chapter 10, shows how recombinant proteins such as insulin, vaccines, gene therapy, molecular diagnosis and transgenic plants like Bt cotton reach people. It explains biosafety, field trials and the role of regulators and ethics in approving genetically modified organisms. You will learn to weigh benefits against risks and see how industry, agriculture and health apply the same underlying genetic techniques.
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